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what did 'image of god' mean to ancient near eastern audiences, beyond modern understandings?

Adds the setting and its conversation across both testaments.

Genesis 1:26-27

“26 And God said, “Let us make man in our image, after our likeness. Let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the sky, and over the livestock, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.” 27 God created man in his own image. In God’s image he created him; male and female he created them.”

These verses come from the first creation account in Genesis, a foundational text for ancient Israel. It describes God's creation of the world, culminating in the creation of humanity as the pinnacle of that creation, made in God's 'image' and 'likeness.'

What does recognizing the 'image of God' in every person call us to do or be, even when it's difficult?

Then — the setting

The concept of 'image of God' (Hebrew: *tselem elohim*) would have resonated with ancient Near Eastern audiences in a unique way. While other cultures might speak of kings or specific rulers as divine representatives or 'images' of a god, Genesis democratized this status, applying it to all humanity, male and female. This was a radical departure, elevating every person to a position of inherent dignity and purpose. The 'image' wasn't just physical resemblance but signified representation and delegated authority, much like a statue of a king set up in a conquered territory would represent the king's presence and rule. Humanity, therefore, was to represent God's rule and character on earth.

Across the Testaments

In the Old Testament, the 'image of God' establishes human dignity, value, and the call to exercise responsible dominion. It serves as the basis for the prohibition against murder (Genesis 9:6) and for valuing all human life. The New Testament picks up and develops this theme, especially in the context of the Fall and redemption. For instance, Paul speaks of humanity's fallen state as having marred or defaced this image, but also presents Jesus as the 'image of the invisible God' (Colossians 1:15), indicating that true humanity, and thus the full restoration of the image, is found in him. Believers are called to be conformed to the image of Christ (Romans 8:29), suggesting a process of moral and spiritual renewal towards what humanity was originally intended to be.

Keep thinking

Read alongside it

Psalm 8:4-6
This psalm marvels at humanity's elevated status, made 'a little lower than God' and crowned with glory and honor.
James 3:9
This New Testament passage warns against cursing people, because they have been made in God's likeness.

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