You asked

what was the social status of 'fatherless,' 'widow,' and 'foreigner' in ancient israel?

The passage, plainly, with room to sit with it.

Deuteronomy 10:18

“He executes justice for the fatherless and widow, and loves the foreigner, in giving him food and clothing.”

Deuteronomy is presented as Moses' farewell speech to the Israelites on the plains of Moab, just before they enter the promised land. He's reminding them of God's laws and covenant, urging them to remember their history and responsibilities, especially regarding justice and compassion for the vulnerable in their society.

What does it mean to extend love and justice to the most vulnerable in our own communities today?

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Read alongside it

Exodus 22:22
This early law prohibits mistreating widows and the fatherless, promising consequences.
Isaiah 1:17
The prophet calls for seeking justice, especially for the oppressed, fatherless, and widow.
James 1:27
New Testament writing defines 'pure religion' partly as caring for orphans and widows.

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