You asked

how do other biblical passages discuss the social roles and status of slaves or masters?

The passage, plainly, with room to sit with it.

Exodus 21:20-21

““When a man strikes his servant or his maid with a rod, and he dies under his hand, he shall surely be punished. Notwithstanding, if he survives for a day or two, he shall not be punished, for he is his property.””

This passage is part of the 'Book of the Covenant' (Exodus 21-23), a collection of laws given to ancient Israel shortly after their exodus from Egypt. It addresses various aspects of social justice, property rights, and personal injury, including regulations concerning slavery.

What responsibilities do we hold for the well-being and humanity of those whose labor we benefit from, regardless of their societal status?

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Read alongside it

Deuteronomy 23:15-16
This passage prohibits returning a runaway slave to their master, offering sanctuary instead.
Philemon 1:15-16
Paul asks Philemon to receive his runaway slave Onesimus back not as a slave, but as a beloved brother.
Leviticus 25:39-43
This law states that an Israelite who sells himself into servitude due to poverty should not be treated as a slave but as a hired worker.

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