You asked

how does this law in exodus connect with later prophetic calls for social justice in israel?

The passage, plainly, with room to sit with it.

Exodus 23:6

““You shall not deny justice to your poor in their lawsuit.””

This verse is part of a series of laws in Exodus, often called the 'Book of the Covenant,' given to the ancient Israelites after their liberation from slavery in Egypt. It outlines fundamental principles for how they should live as a community, covering everything from religious practices to fair treatment of others.

what responsibilities does a community have to ensure fairness for its most vulnerable members?

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Read alongside it

Deuteronomy 10:18
Moses reiterates God's character as one who executes justice for the orphan and widow, implying human responsibility to do likewise.
Isaiah 1:17
The prophet Isaiah calls the people to 'seek justice, relieve the oppressed, judge the fatherless, plead for the widow' – echoing the Exodus law.
Amos 5:24
Amos powerfully calls for justice to 'roll down like waters, and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream,' criticizing neglect of the poor.

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