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what ancient near eastern creation myths might this psalm be responding to or echoing?

Adds the setting and its conversation across both testaments.

Psalm 104:1-9

Bless Yahweh, O my soul. Yahweh, my God, you are very great. You are clothed with honor and majesty. He covers himself with light as with a garment; he stretches out the heavens like a curtain. He lays the beams of his upper chambers in the waters. He makes the clouds his chariot. He walks on the wings of the wind. He makes his messengers winds; his servants flames of fire. He laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be moved forever. You covered it with the deep as with a garment. The waters stood above the mountains. At your rebuke they fled. At the voice of your thunder, they hurried away. The mountains rose, the valleys sank, to the place which you had appointed for them. You have set a bound that they may not pass over, that they don’t turn again to cover the earth.

Psalm 104 is a hymn of praise, celebrating God as the magnificent creator and sustainer of the universe. It describes the divine ordering of the world, from the celestial bodies to the depths of the ocean and the living creatures upon the earth, all dependent on God's ongoing provision. It may have been used in temple worship in ancient Israel.

How does this ancient Israelite vision of creation resonate with or challenge contemporary understandings of the cosmos?

Then — the setting

Psalm 104 is generally dated to the post-exilic period, possibly as early as the Persian period (6th-4th century BCE), though some scholars suggest an earlier origin. It reflects a sophisticated theological understanding of creation. Its imagery of God structuring the cosmos, separating waters, and setting boundaries bears striking resemblances to, but also significant differences from, other Ancient Near Eastern (ANE) creation myths. For instance, the Babylonian epic *Enuma Elish* (mid-2nd millennium BCE) describes the storm-god Marduk creating the world from the carcass of the primeval goddess Tiamat after a cosmic battle. In Psalm 104, God creates not through conflict with other deities, but by sovereign command and wisdom, bringing order to an undifferentiated 'deep' or watery chaos (*tehom*). The psalm reimagines common ANE motifs within a monotheistic framework, emphasizing Yahweh's sole authority and benevolent control over creation.

Across the Testaments

Psalm 104 is an Old Testament hymn that profoundly shapes the biblical understanding of God as Creator. The New Testament frequently affirms this understanding, often attributing creation to God the Father through Jesus Christ. Colossians 1:16-17, for example, states that 'all things have been created through him and for him. He is before all things, and in him all things hold together,' echoing Psalm 104's emphasis on God's ongoing sustenance. The New Testament writers do not re-litigate the act of creation itself but rather expand on its implications, especially regarding the new creation in Christ, viewing the physical creation as both a witness to God's power and a groaning entity awaiting redemption (Romans 8:19-22).

Keep thinking

Read alongside it

  • Genesis 1:1-10

    This passage offers a foundational account of creation, describing God's bringing order out of chaos through divine speech.

  • Job 38:4-11

    God challenges Job by questioning his presence and understanding during the foundational acts of creation, especially concerning the sea.

  • Proverbs 8:27-29

    Wisdom describes her presence with God during the acts of creation, specifically when God set boundaries for the deep.

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