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what was the social and economic context of rest for freed slaves in ancient israel?

Adds the setting and its conversation across both testaments.

Deuteronomy 15:12-15

“If your brother, a Hebrew man, or a Hebrew woman, is sold to you, and serves you six years; then in the seventh year you shall let him go free from you. When you let him go free from you, you shall not let him go empty. You shall furnish him liberally out of your flock, and out of your threshing floor, and out of your wine press. As Yahweh your God has blessed you, you shall give to him. You shall remember that you were a bondservant in the land of Egypt, and Yahweh your God redeemed you. Therefore I command you this thing today.”

This passage is from the book of Deuteronomy, presented as Moses' final address to the Israelites before they enter the promised land. It reiterates and expands upon laws given earlier, emphasizing the importance of covenant fidelity and social justice as they establish their society.

What responsibilities do we have to ensure that those who have been exploited or disadvantaged are not only freed but also equipped for a new beginning?

Then — the setting

This text, part of the Deuteronomic law code, was likely compiled in the 7th-6th centuries BCE, though it draws on much older traditions. It addresses an Israelite society that allowed for various forms of servitude, often as a result of debt or poverty rather than capture in war. The 'Hebrew man or woman' refers to fellow Israelites who might fall into servitude. The command to release them in the seventh year (the 'sabbatical year' for individuals) and, crucially, to 'furnish him liberally' was a radical measure compared to many ancient Near Eastern legal codes. It aimed to prevent a cycle of perpetual poverty and to redistribute wealth, rooted in the memory of Israel's own enslavement in Egypt and their subsequent redemption.

Across the Testaments

The Old Testament frequently grapples with the realities of servitude, debt, and the need for social safety nets, particularly in laws like this one in Deuteronomy and in Leviticus. It establishes a theological foundation for liberation and generosity based on God's character and Israel's history. The New Testament, while not directly legislating on slavery in the same way, consistently upholds the dignity of all people and calls believers to radical generosity, care for the poor, and the breaking of oppressive systems. Jesus's inaugural address (Luke 4:18-19), drawing from Isaiah, speaks of proclaiming 'release to the captives' and 'setting at liberty those who are oppressed,' echoing the spirit of liberation found in Deuteronomy's laws for freed slaves.

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Read alongside it

Leviticus 25:39-43
Discusses similar laws for Hebrew servants, emphasizing they should not be treated as slaves but as hired workers.
Exodus 21:2-11
Provides earlier laws concerning Hebrew servants and their release after six years, including rules for families.
Isaiah 58:6-7
Connects true fasting and worship with acts of liberation, justice, and providing for the needy.

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